Por Óscar Díez, Head of Sector Quantum Computing de la Comisión Europea
En la primera revolución cuántica hace casi 100 años comprendimos y pudimos predecir los procesos físicos a escala atómica y subatómica, y eso nos abrió la puerta a inventos como ordenadores, láseres o GPS. La segunda revolución cuántica en la que actualmente estamos inmersos nos ha permitido manipular esas partículas (fotones, electrones, átomos) y está abriendo la puerta a tecnologías como la computación, las comunicaciones y los sensores cuánticos.
Los ordenadores cuánticos aprovechan las propiedades de estados cuánticos como superposición, interferencia y entrelazamiento (entanglement) para realizar determinados cálculos de una forma mucho más eficiente que los orde nadores clásicos. Cuando se habla de computación cuántica se puede hablar de tres grandes categorías: una es la de los ordenadores cuánticos universales basados en puertas lógicas y que, en principio, se pueden programar para hacer diferentes cálculos cuánticos.
La segunda incluye los simuladores cuánticos como los quantum annealers (D-wave), que no son universales, sino que funcionan para un determinado problema, como la optimización de rutas. Y la tercera acoge los emuladores, en los que se utiliza un ordenador clásico para simular cómo trabajaría un ordenador cuántico, llegando a simular estos últimos hasta unos 60 qubits. Desafortunadamente, su uso no es siempre correcto y los tres términos para designar las tres categorías se usan de manera indistinta en ocasiones.
Actualmente existen varias tecnologías hardware para construir ordenadores cuánticos y están basadas en los distintos tipos de partículas atómicas y subatómicas usadas y cómo se manipulan. Las más populares y, probablemente, más adelantadas son: Superconducting quBits (IQM, Google, IBM, Microsoft, Riggeti) y Trapped Ions quBits (AQN, IONQ, Honeywell). Pero hay otras que están mejorando rápidamente como Semiconductor based qubits, Neutral-atoms qubits y Photonic qubits.
Cada tecnología tiene ventajas y desventajas, algunas son más escalables y tienen más potencial para incrementar el número de qubits, otras requieren sistemas de criogenización para mantener los qubits estables a muy bajas temperaturas (-273C), mientras que otras operan a temperatura ambiente. Cuál será la ganadora dependerá no solo del número de qubits de los sistemas, sino de otros factores importantes como los tiempos de coherencia y operación, la conectividad entre los qubits y la fidelidad de las puertas lógicas. Lo que está claro es que, hoy por hoy, no hay una tecnología ganadora y puede que finalmente coexistan varias. Para solventar esto, la mayoría de los sistemas de software y de desarrollo para ordenadores cuánticos son independientes del tipo de hardware utilizado.
Hay que tener en cuenta que estamos todavía en lo que se denomina la era NISQ (Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum), con ordenadores cuánticos con errores y con pocos qubits (hasta unos cientos). Para llegar a ordenadores cuánticos completos con corrección de errores se estima que tenemos que contar con un millón de qubits, estos ordenadores permitirán aprovechar todo el potencial. Se está investigando e invirtiendo mucho en la escalabilidad, que es uno de los mayores problemas a resolver. Esto no significa que no podamos usarlos ahora, solamente que estamos al principio de un largo camino en el que descubriremos nuevos algoritmos y utilidades de la computación cuántica de igual forma que lo hizo la industria informática hace 50 años, cuando nadie podía ver todo su potencial.
Existen múltiples aplicaciones que están empezando a utilizarse y que están demostrando que son eficientes tanto de optimización del tráfico, como de desarrollo de nuevos materiales y baterías, inteligencia artificial, investigación de compuestos químicos y fármacos, modelos financieros y simulaciones climáticas.
Fuente: https://www.computing.es/
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