Los esfuerzos de España para ser un país altamente competitivo están dando sus frutos. En el Global Competitiveness Report 2018 que el Foro Económico Mundial elabora todos los años, nuestro país ocupa el puesto 26 entre 140 Estados más competitivos, en un ranking que encabeza Estados Unidos. Hay variables del estudio en las que España destaca especialmente: ocupa la posición número 1 en sistema de salud (el informe valora positivamente la calidad de los sistemas de salud en Europa, destacando el español); y el número 10 en infraestructuras. Otros de los 12 pilares del estudio para ser un país competitivo son sus instituciones, tecnologías de la información, estabilidad macroeconómica, mercado laboral o sistema financiero.
Para evaluar la competitividad de un país es también útil la clasificación anual del Banco Mundial en su informe Doing Business. El estudio considera la facilidad para hacer negocios, emprender, adquirir los permisos de construcción, el suministro de electricidad, el registro de propiedad, la obtención de un crédito, la protección de los inversores minoritarios, el pago de impuestos, el comercio transfronterizo, el cumplimiento de contratos y la resolución de las insolvencias. En definitiva, todos los trámites que necesita un emprendedor para poner en marcha su negocio y mantenerlo vivo. En este exhaustivo informe, España ocupa el puesto número 30 en una lista de 190 países. Concretamente, nuestro país destaca en comercio transfronterizo, resolución de insolvencias y cumplimiento de contratos.
La excelencia de sus escuelas de negocios es otro factor para medir la competitividad. En este ámbito, España se ha convertido en una plataforma de management de reputación internacional con escuelas como IESE, el Instituto de Empresa (IE) y ESADE entre las mejores del mundo, el según el Global MBA Ranking 2018 de Financial Times y el Quacquarelli Symonds.
Marco idóneo para start-ups tecnológicas
En cuanto a la facilidad para poner en marcha start-ups (empresas de base tecnológicas financiadas con capital riesgo), Financial Times ha situado recientemente a Barcelona y Madrid como dos de las ciudades de Europa en las que más crece el número de este tipo de iniciativas empresariales. En toda España, hay en la actualidad más de 4.115 start-ups, lo que supone un aumento del 30% desde 2017. Entre las dos ciudades se han atraído 1.340 millones de euros en inversiones en 2018, un 70% más que el año anterior, según el informe Startup Ecosystem Overview 2019 para el Mobile World Congress de Barcelona. Algunas de estas empresas valen más de 1.000 millones de euros.
Además, Barcelona, en el puesto número 5, y Madrid, en el 10, están entre las 10 principales ciudades de Europa como centros promotores para start-ups. Un factor adicional clave para el emprendimiento es la calidad de la tecnología, como la implantación de fibra óptica, que garantiza conexiones ultrarrápidas a Internet.
En cuanto al capital riesgo, España está a la altura de los países más desarrollados. 2017 fue un año récord para el capital riesgo en España, con un volumen de inversión próximo a los 5.000 millones de euros. En un escenario de crecimiento económico, los bajos tipos de interés y la elevada liquidez estarían favoreciendo la atracción de inversores internacionales, según el informe Evolución del capital riesgo en la economía española de la Fundación de las Cajas de Ahorro (Funcas).
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