Un nuevo proyecto de política de la Unión Europea (UE) pretende garantizar los intereses tecnológicos del bloque de los Veintisiete protegiéndoles de injerencias exteriores.
Un proyecto de estrategia publicado esta semana por la Unión Europea (UE) impondría controles a la exportación de tecnología crítica y protegería contra los riesgos que plantea la interrupción de la cadena de suministro, ya sea en forma de espionaje industrial, problemas de seguridad energética o ataques a las infraestructuras.
La estrategia se considera una reacción a las posibles amenazas de China, aunque no menciona explícitamente a este país. Sin embargo, en declaraciones de la Comisaria de Competencia de la Comisión Europea, Margrethe Vestager, sí se afirma que China supone una amenaza para la seguridad tecnológica y la propiedad intelectual de Europa. «Diseñamos esta estrategia para que no dependamos de ningún otro país», dijo Vestager en una rueda de prensa en Bruselas el martes. «Dicho esto, utilizaremos un filtro geopolítico a la hora de evaluar los riesgos. No podemos tratar del mismo modo una dependencia de suministro de un rival sistémico que de un aliado».
El borrador destaca cuatro categorías principales de riesgos: cadenas de suministro, infraestructuras críticas, seguridad tecnológica y coerción económica. Los riesgos de la cadena de suministro, que incluyen la seguridad energética, abarcan los riesgos de subidas de precios y de indisponibilidad de componentes críticos. La seguridad de las infraestructuras abarca el cableado submarino, los oleoductos y gasoductos y otros elementos económicos similares. La seguridad tecnológica se refiere a mantener la tecnología especialmente avanzada fuera del alcance de las manos equivocadas, mencionando específicamente la computación cuántica, los semiconductores avanzados y la inteligencia artificial. Por último, la coerción económica se refiere a la posibilidad de que países ajenos a la UE fuercen cambios políticos basados en la dependencia de un Estado miembro.
Para hacer frente a estos riesgos, el borrador de estrategia se centra en la promoción de la competitividad europea, la protección de la seguridad económica y la asociación con países exteriores. Ya se han adoptado medidas similares a las de las leyes estadounidenses CHIPS y Science Act -la UE tiene su propia Chips Act-, que contribuyen en cierta medida a promover muchos de esos objetivos al ubicar la capacidad de producción de semiconductores dentro de las fronteras de la Unión.
El anuncio se produce poco después de otro similar relacionado con las redes 5G. En un discurso pronunciado la semana pasada por Thierry Breton, Comisario de Mercado Interior de la Comisión Europea, se esbozaban fuertes restricciones al uso de equipos de «proveedores de alto riesgo» en los nodos de las redes centrales y de acceso radioeléctrico, y se nombraba específicamente a Huawei y ZTE. «La Comisión aplicará los principios de la caja de herramientas 5G a su propia contratación de servicios de telecomunicaciones para evitar exponerse a Huawei y ZTE», dijo Breton. «No podemos permitirnos mantener dependencias críticas que podrían convertirse en un ‘arma’ contra nuestros intereses».
La Comisión propondrá una lista de tecnologías de doble uso para la evaluación de riesgos que podría ser adoptada por el Consejo Europeo -parte del poder ejecutivo de la UE- en septiembre de 2023, según Vestager. Esto significa probablemente que las normas definitivas entrarán en vigor el año que viene.
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