Las empresas afectadas por la normativa, que regula la libre competencia en las plataformas que actúan como ‘guardianes de acceso’ al entorno digital, tendrán seis meses para adaptarse a la nueva legislación.
Una de las normativas más esperadas de la Comisión Europea en el ámbito tecnológico, la Ley de Mercados Digitales (DMA, por sus siglas en inglés), ha entrado en vigor a partir del 1 de noviembre. Sin embargo, los efectos de la nueva legislación, que regula la libre competencia en el entorno tecnológico, no comenzarán a notarse hasta mayo de 2023, ya que la DMA otorga un plazo de seis meses a las empresas para adaptarse a los cambios.
La DMA establece una serie de obligaciones a las empresas o plataformas tecnológicas que funcionen como gatekeepers o ‘guardianes de acceso’ al mercado digital, como las llamadas GAFAM (Google, Amazon, Facebook/Meta, Apple, Microsoft), y cuya capitalización bursátil supere los 75.000 millones de euros, facturen al menos 7.500 millones al año y cuenten con al menos 45 millones de usuarios mensuales en la Unión Europea (UE).
La normativa busca que estas compañías no limiten la competencia de actores más pequeños -al favorecer sus propios productos, por ejemplo- y que se garantice un mercado digital abierto y equitativo. De no respetarse estas medidas, la Comisión podrá multar a las empresas con hasta un 10% de su facturación anual y un 20% en caso de reincidencia.
La DMA fue presentada en 2020 por la Comisión Europea, aunque aún falta que el organismo ultime algunos detalles de la normativa, por ejemplo, la realización de consultas para concretar procesos y prácticas de la ejecución de la ley y la organización de encuentros técnicos con las partes involucradas.
Así, la Ley de Mercados Digital dotará de músculos a la Comisión para futuros procesos, como la última sanción que aplicó a Google por 2.400 millones por no respetar la libre competencia.
Mientras la DMA ya ha entrado en vigor, la Ley de Servicios Digitales (DSA, por sus siglas en inglés) aún no ha sido publicada en el Boletín comunitario. Si bien la primera va dirigida a los gatekeepers, la DSA se enfoca más en las plataformas de redes sociales y ecommerce, con medidas relativas a la moderación de contenidos y publicidad, la transparencia de los algoritmos y la trazabilidad de la seguridad de los productos que se comercialicen online.
La DSA contempla multas de hasta el 6% de la facturación anual de la empresa infractora y, a diferencia de la DMS, considera 15 meses en vez de seis como plazo de adaptación para comenzar a aplicarse desde su entrada en vigor.
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